A disc is deemed to have hit the ground when it contacts the ground and no player had caught the disc prior to the disc contacting the ground, or after the catch, the player loses control and the disc subsequently contacts the ground.After a pull or a turnover where the disc hits the ground in-bounds, if the offence attempts to pick up the disc in-bounds, but fails to pick it up and the disc drops to the ground, that is not a new turnover, unless the offence had full control of the disc prior to accidentally dropping the disc.

If, after an out-of-bounds turnover, the thrower is walking the disc to the playing field, all other players are allowed to move.

The opposition request may be made by verbal request or by pointing to the correct location.Play does not stop and a check is not required to restart play (similar to an accepted travel infraction (Rule 18.2.6)).If the offensive team is the team that significantly altered the discs position they should not move to establish the pivot at the location where the disc was contacted unless requested to by the opposition.

What:
A turnover has occurred and the new intended thrower is standing over the disc, waiting for their team to set up.

Result:
The defence should remind the player they need to put the disc into play. Intentional delay of game is against spirit of the game and should be discussed by the captains as soon as possible.

Why:
Rule 8.5 says that the new thrower must not delay when picking up the disc.

Extra:
If other players are still moving towards the disc (a common situation after a turnover), the closest player can decide not to pick up the disc – this is not in itself a breach of the rules. If no player on offense has been walking towards the disc since the turnover occurred, this is a breach of the rules. It is recommended that the opposing team provide a warning to the opposition and make sure they are aware of the rule before enforcing any time limits.

To enforce the 10 and 20 second time limits the defence should use a Pre-stall, by loudly counting down the time limit in 5-second intervals. The Pre-stall should be noticeable by the offence player closest to the disc. The player who calls the time limits does not need to be the same player who becomes the marker. If the disc lands out-of-bounds and then rolls back and stops in the playing field, the time limits in 8.5.2 do not apply (unless games are using the WFDF Rules of Ultimate Appendix). For events where the WFDF Rules of Ultimate Appendix are in use, the time limits also apply to discs that are out-of-bounds, and for the pull. It is recommended that the opposing team provide a warning to the opposition and make sure they are aware of the rule before enforcing any time limits. If the offence believes that the time limits are being counted too quickly, they can call a fast count.The defence must allow an unobstructed path by the offence to the disc and to the pivot location.

After the “delay of game” call the offence should be given two (2) seconds to remedy the breach before the stall count is commenced. Refer to the 'WFDF Rules of Ultimate 2021-2024 - Appendix' for additional rules about a pre-stall.

The stall count will usually be communicated verbally for stall count. Teams can agree on other methods to suit particular circumstances.

Even if the thrower still has to stop, get up after a dive, or even come back into the field because they ran out of the field, the marker may start the count. If the offensive player needs some time to recover because they had to avoid an object outside the field (for safety, there shouldn’t be any, but in practice this may be the case) the marker should not count until the player has had that time.If the thrower regains possession of an accidentally dropped disc before it contacts the ground without another player touching the disc, that possession is considered continuous. If the thrower regains possession of an accidentally dropped disc before it contacts the ground and after another player touches it, it is considered a new possession.If the thrower catches a pass in the central zone, but momentum takes them out-of-bounds, the marker can start/continue the stall count if they are within 3 metres of the pivot location, even if they are not within 3 metres of the thrower.After an interception by Team A, the marker from Team B cannot start the stall count until the thrower from Team A establishes a pivot, regardless of whether the thrower is in-bounds or out-of-bounds after the interception. If the intercepting player catches the disc while running, the marker must wait until they stop and establish a pivot before starting the stall count.

All other calls includes: - Contested foul - Contested goal - Contested turnover (excluding stall-out) - Violation for sideline obstruction (2.7) - Injury - Technical

What
A contested stall out is called against the thrower after the disc has been thrown. A contested receiving foul is called on the resulting pass.

Result
The disc is returned to the thrower and, as per Rule 9.5.4.1, the stall count restarts at “Stalling 8”.

What
An accepted marking foul is called by the thrower as the disc is released. A contested receiving foul is called on the resulting pass.

Result
The disc is returned to the thrower and, as per Rule 9.5.4.1, the stall count restarts at “Stalling 1”.

What
Play has stopped due to an accepted foul by the thrower. The stall count is going to restart at “Stalling 8”. The defence moves before the check and a violation is called by the offence.

Result
Even though this is a breach by the defence, Rule 9.5.4.2 means that the stall count will still restart at “Stalling 8”.

If, after a call, a stall count is to be restarted at maximum 6 and: - the stall count was stopped at 4, the stall count restarts on “Stalling 5” - the stall count was stopped at 8, the stall count restarts on “Stalling 6” There does not need to be a gap between “stalling” and the number of the count.If there is a disagreement that cannot be resolved about what number the stall count should restart on, the midpoint between the two proposed stall counts should be used, rounded down.

A check is not required after the pull or after a turnover, even when the thrower must walk to the location of the correct pivot point. The thrower can make a pass, and the marker can start the stall count, as soon as the pivot is established at the correct position. If the pivot is not established at the correct position, this is a travel infraction. If the marker starts the stall count before the pivot is established, this is a fast count infraction. To ensure play is not interrupted, it is recommended that either the thrower or marker point to the spot where they think the pivot should be established, prior to it being established.The thrower may not begin a wind-up or other part of the throwing motion until they have established a pivot point (see rule 18.2.5.3).“Specified turnover” refers to those listed in 13.2

If a long pass is thrown and there is a contested receiving foul, the players will return to where they were at the time of the throw (rather than remaining downfield after chasing down the disc).

Faulty equipment includes, for example, untied shoelaces, a bent disc or a shoe that has come off. However, it is players’ responsibility to minimise such disruptions by ensuring their personal equipment is secure.

What:
An unnecessary delay includes discussing team tactics (who is guarding whom, who should attempt to catch the next pass). A discussion to resolve the outcome of a call is not an unnecessary delay.An unnecessary delay includes standing back from the disc, wandering around to gain more time, etc. Pretending not to delay while delaying is still delaying.Result:After a “Delay of Game” called against the defence where the unnecessary delay continues, the thrower may call “Disc In” and then immediately make a pass.

Extra:
The person checking the disc in must still ensure that all players are stationary and in the correct position before checking the disc in.

Note:
It is recommended that the opposing team provide a warning to the opposition, and make sure they are aware of the rule, before enforcing this rule.

It is recommended that the following steps be undertaken before checking the disc in:- “Is the offence ready?”- “Is the defense ready?”- “The stall count is starting on ‘x’”- “Disc In, in 3...2...1”- Touch the disc, touch the disc to the ground, or say “Disc In”, as appropriateIf the defender is required to touch the disc to check the disc in, the defense must actively choose to touch the disc – the thrower cannot initiate the check by tapping the disc against the defender.

If the thrower loses possession as a result of touching the disc to the ground, they can re-establish possession.

A player cannot call a violation as per rule 10.7 because a player on their own team (including themselves) is in the wrong position, or is moving before the check.

The rules have been updated since 2017 to mean that “catch” and “possession” no longer mean the same thing. A “catch” is when the disc is first controlled by the receiver. Once a player has caught the disc, they can go out-of-bounds, or have the disc touch the ground, and this is not a turnover, as long as they maintain the catch while out-of-bounds or while the disc is touching the ground, and they subsequently establish possession of the pass. A player establishes possession of a pass when:- they catch a pass and then they maintain that catch for more than one noticeable instant, and- they maintain the catch throughout all ground contact related to the catch, or until they throw the disc For a disc to be considered “trapped” the disc must be held firmly between at least two body parts and should not move relative to those two body parts.If a player initially catches a pass and then, prior to establishing possession, they do not maintain the catch (‘maintain the catch’ means to continue to have a non-spinning disc trapped between at least two body parts), that initial catch is deemed to have ended.A player may change the body parts that are being used to trap the disc, and as long as the disc continues to be trapped by at least two of the body parts during that change, it is considered the same catch (for example if a player traps the disc to their chest with their right hand, they can grab the disc by the rim with their left hand and take the disc away from their chest, and as long as they only remove their right hand once the left hand has grabbed the disc, it is considered the same catch).

Ground contact or contact with another player can be deemed to be ‘related to the catch’ if it occurs directly after the catch has been made, is a result of landing after diving to catch the disc, or occurs while the player is off-balance after catching the disc. If, for example, a player takes a running catch in the end zone, subsequently establishes possession through the first few steps after the catch, and then continues to run as part of a celebration and trips over, any loss of possession that occurs as a result of the celebration would not be deemed to be ‘related to the catch’. One way to distinguish if the contact is related to the catch is that once the player could have chosen to stop moving and be stationary and in control of their movement, any further actions are not related to the catch, even if they do not choose to come to a stop.

If a player does initiate contact in taking such a position, this is a Blocking foul (17.4).Moving in a 'reckless manner' could include running without looking where you are going for an extended period of time, or diving in a way that does not allow you to adjust to any legal changes of movement that an opponent might make.

What:
Player A, who is making a play on the disc, is allowed to slow down and to impede an opponent’s movement to make a play on the disc. However Player A must not move in a way that the opponent could not reasonably avoid them – this is a Blocking foul (17.4).Some minor contact may occur in these circumstances but minor contact is not a foul.

Extra:
If Player A is not making a play at the disc, but is instead allowing a teammate to make a play at the disc, Player A may not move to impede an opponent. However if Player A is stationary, or does not intend to impede, this is not a violation, even if their actions do in fact impede an opponent.

Note:
The key word in this rule is ‘solely’. The intent of the player’s movement can be partly motivated to prevent an opponent from taking an unoccupied path to the disc, so long as it is part of a general effort to make a play on the disc. If a trailing player runs into a player in front of them, it is nearly always a foul on the trailing player.After a turnover, and/or whenever a thrower is not at the pivot location, the defence must allow an unobstructed path by the offence to the disc and/or to the pivot location

A player can be deemed to be “making a play on the disc” (Rule 12.6) when the disc is in the air and they are attempting to make contact with the disc in anyway i.e. to catch it or block it.When making a play at a disc, players need to ensure that they will not cause non minor contact with another player (neither their stationary position, nor their expected position based on their established speed and direction), before, during or after the attempt at the disc.Minor contact is contact that involves minimal physical force and does not alter the movements or position of another player. If non-minor contact does occur, the result of the play will likely not stand if the breach affected the play.A breach affects the play if it is reasonable to assume that the outcome of the specific play may have been meaningfully different had the breach not occurred – eg if the player would not have been able to intercept the pass without causing significant contact with their opponent, or the opponent would have been able to make a play at the disc had the player not caused contact with them.The relative skill, height and/or athletic ability, of the players involved should not typically be taken into account when considering if something affected the play or not.Resting a hand on an opponentWhatA defender is resting a hand in their opponents back to enable them to know where their opponent is, even if they are not looking at themResultThis is a violation.WhyIt is not necessarily a foul, but it is a violation as per rule 15.1.1 which says “a player intentionally initiating minor contact is still a breach of the rules, but is to be treated as a violation, and not a foul.”.

What:
Two opposing players are moving towards the same point in order to make a play on the disc. They are both aware of each other and are aware that minor body contact may occur. Minor body contact does occur.

Result:
Even though contact has occurred, this is not necessarily a foul.

Why:
In circumstances where one player clearly initiates contact with another, the person who initiates the contact is the person who caused the foul (ie one player is stationary and another runs into them, or one player clearly has a right to a space and an opponent changes direction and impedes that space in an unavoidable way).However there are times when both players have a right to a space and neither player can be deemed to have initiated contact. In these circumstances, if minor body contact occurs (ie players lightly bump shoulders or hips) this is not necessarily deemed a foul, as both players were responsible for causing the contact and both players were aware that contact may occur.

Extra:
These scenarios should only be taken into account when both players have caused contact simultaneously. If one player clearly initiated the contact, that player has caused the foul.If one player is not aware that contact is going to occur, the player who is aware that contact will occur should avoid the contact and call a Dangerous Play foul if appropriate.As per rule 17.9.2.1 if this contact occurs after the disc has been caught, or after the relevant player/s involved can no longer make a play on the disc, this must be treated as an Indirect Foul (excluding contact related to Section 17.1).Players involved in these incidents should be mindful that they often do not have the best perspective on who initiated the contact and should ask nearby players for their perspective.

If an offense player physically assists the movement of a team-mate, or uses an item of equipment to assist in contacting the disc, this is a turnover – see rules 13.2.6, and 13.2.7.If a defender physically assists the movement of a team-mate, or uses an item of equipment to assist in contacting the disc (e.g. throwing a hat in the direction of the disc), this is a violation. The intended receiver should be awarded possession.

It is not a turnover if a player fumbles the disc prior to fully establishing possession when attempting to gain possession of the disc after a turnover, or after a pull that has already contacted the ground (see rule 8.1.4).

If a receiver dives to receive a pass and catches the disc before it hits the ground, the disc can contact the ground after that, and still be “up”, as long as the player maintains the catch while the disc is touching the ground. The receiver can change the body parts that are being used to trap the disc, and as long as the disc continues to be trapped by at least one of those sets of body parts during that change, it is considered the same catch. If the receiver has pinched the disc between their fingers, and when the disc hits the ground it caused the disc to move and to no longer be pinched in the same spot, that is not a ‘maintained catch’ and therefore a turnover.If, after catching a disc that then contacts the ground, the receiver subsequently loses control while the disc is no longer touching the ground, the earlier catch is not negated - the disc can still be caught by any player.

If a defender from Team A intercepts a pass while airborne and throws the disc before the contact the ground, and the pass is incomplete, that is a turnover by Team A and Team B would become the team is possession.A defender can intentionally hit a pass towards their endzone, but if they subsequently contact the disc before it hits the ground, this is a travel as per rule 18.2.5.5.

If a “dropped pull” is contested the pulling team may choose to repeat the pull or retract the call.

What:The thrower accidentally releases the disc while pivoting, and then catches it again, without any other player touching the disc.Result:This is not a self-catch turnover. The marker can continue the stall count. If the thrower has moved their pivot foot a travel infraction can be called.Why:A self-catch turnover can only occur after the thrower has attempted a pass. A pass is defined (under Throw) as “A disc in flight following any throwing motion, including after a fake attempt and an intentionally dropped disc, that results in loss of contact between the thrower and the disc”. As the disc was not in flight after a throwing motion or fake attempt, no pass has occurred and therefore 13.2.5 does not apply.Extra:If the disc is accidentally released during the throwing motion as part of a fake attempt, the thrower cannot catch the disc unless it has been touched by another player.The thrower may touch a disc they have thrown, for example to prevent an opponent from catching it, or to tap it to a teammate.If the thrower does catch their own pass, the turnover location is where the thrower is when they caught the pass.

A player is prohibited from intentionally pushing off of a teammate to jump higher.

A “stall out” turnover should typically only be contested by the thrower. If the stall count was fast from 1-5, but then the correct speed for the remainder of the count, the thrower cannot contest the stall-out on the grounds that is was a fast count.After an accepted 'stall-out' the marker from Team A calling the stall out gets the disc where the stall occurred and then may either: (1) place the disc on the ground. After acknowledgment by Team A, the former thrower from Team B loudly announces “Disc in”, or (2) retain the disc and have the former thrower from Team B restart play with a checkA marker should not automatically call 'stall-out' because they got to the count of ten. They should be certain that the disc was not yet released and that their count wasn't fast.

If, in attempting to intercept a pass, a defender from Team A loses control of the disc due to ground contact, or accidentally drops the disc, then the possession is deemed to have not been established and any player on Team A may take possession of the disc.

What:
Player A intercepts a pass and then intentionally drops the disc, or places the disc on the ground to allow their teammate to become the thrower. Player A retrieves an out-of-bounds disc and then intentionally drops the disc at the location of the intended pivot to allow their teammate to become the thrower.

Result:
This is not a “double turnover”. The opposition can call a Violation in which case play stops and Player A must take possession of the disc. Play must restart with a check.

Extra:
If Player A attempts a pass directly after the interception, and this pass is incomplete, this is a turnover.Note:If there is any uncertainty as to whether the players’ loss of possession was due to attempting to allow a teammate to become the thrower, or that they were in fact attempting a pass that was incomplete, the player should be given the benefit of the doubt.

Note:
The official spot is just next to the line (since the line is not part of the playing field), but a pivot foot on the line is also acceptable. Given the fact that perimeter lines are only a few centimetres wide, the “error” is too small to be significant. While the rules state that the pivot point should be established in-bounds, rule 11.3.3 also indicates that it is not a problem that the pivot foot contacts an out-of-bounds area.

Extra:
If the disc flew out the side of the end zone, there is a cone on the spot where the pivot point should be established. Rule 2.6 states that the edge of the central zone must be marked by that cone, so the player should not move it. Therefore the pivot point should be established on the end zone line next to the cone. Players should not move the cone. Note that the player is allowed to have enough room to turn on their pivot foot (otherwise unsafe situations might occur during pivoting).

The pivot should be as close to the disc’s location as possible. Players should not place their right foot at the turnover location and then use their left foot as their pivot. This is a travel infraction (18.2.5.1).

The goal line signal can be useful to communicate to all players that the goal line option will be taken.If the signal is made, the thrower must move to the goal line.However it is a voluntary signal. The intended thrower may still establish the pivot at the goal line even if they do not signal the goal line option.The defence may ask the intended thrower if they intend to choose the goal line option and it is good spirit to provide a response (via hand signal), however it is not required.If the player is establishing a pivot point at the goal line the player may carry the disc at a constant or variable speed, and must move at walking pace or faster.The player must put the disc into play either at the spot of the disc or on the goal line, not in between.

If the thrower breaches rule 13.11.3, this should be treated as a travel infraction. Play does not stop, but the thrower must return to the correct pivot.The thrower cannot pick up the disc, look and see if there are any players to pass to, and then move to the goal line.

If a player in the endzone claps the disc between their hands, gains control of the disc for just one moment, and then loses control and the disc hits the ground this is known as a “clap spike”. A “clap spike” is not a goal as the player has not maintained the catch for more than one noticeable instant and therefore, according to the definitions, has not established possession of a pass.If a player catches a pass in the end zone while running and maintains the catch for more than one noticeable incident, and they survive any ground contact directly related to the catch, they may deliberate release the disc as they continue to run.

What:
A player catches a pass in the end zone and very close to the sideline and then goes out of bounds and establishes possession.

Result:
As long as the player catches the pass (by having a non-spinning disc trapped between at least two body parts) while also being in contact with the end zone (and not being in contact with the out-of-bounds area) this is a goal.Extra:If the player who caught the disc in the end-zone does contact out-of-bounds, and then fumbles the disc before they establish possession, that is an out-of-bounds turnover, regardless of whether or not they regain possession before the disc hits the groundIf a player clearly lands on their toes first and then continues down onto their heels, their toes are the first point of ground contact. If a player lands fairly flat-footed and it is not possible to determine which part of the foot contacted the ground first, the entire foot is the first point of ground contact. Remember, the end zone line is not part of the end zone.

What:
'Callahan' goal: The offence throws the disc, but a defender intercepts the pass in the Offence’s defending end zone (which is the Defence’s attacking end zone).

Result:
The defence scores a goal.

Why:
Rule 14.1 states that the goal is scored when a player catches a legal pass and the first contact with the ground is inside their attacking endzone. It does not state that the pass has to be from a teammate.

Extra:
The term Callahan Goal is an unofficial term for this type of goal.

What:
A player catches the disc in the attacking end zone, but does not know this and throws the disc.

Result:
It is a goal, no matter the result of the additional pass.

Why:
Rule 14.1 does not say that the player scoring the goal must be aware of it. So if somebody has a clear perspective on it and declares it a goal, it is a goal. The disc cannot be thrown away after a goal is scored, so that action can be disregarded.

Note:
If it is unclear if the player scored (ie there is no agreement on the player who had best perspective, and there are opposing view points on the play) the result of the additional play stands.

Extra:
Players may ask for perspective from people on the side-line to determine if the pass was caught in the endzone, however it is still up to the players involved to make the final call.If the player throws an incomplete pass after catching the disc in the endzone, but before they survived all ground contact related to the catch, this is a turnover. Everyone else can move as the thrower moves to the goal line after not scoring but being in the endzone.

What:
After a contested or retracted goal call where the receiver maintains possession, all players should return to where they were when the player established possession of the pass.

Extra:
If a player could reasonably assume that they have scored a goal, and behaves as if they have scored a goal (for example, by celebrating a goal) this should be treated as a “goal” call. This “goal” call is a stoppage of play and the result of any additional play does not stand.

If there is discussion about a goal, and after discussion the goal is confirmed, for the purposes of time cap rules, the point is deemed to have ended when the player established possession and the player in possession was in contact with the endzone. However the time limits between points will not commence until the discussion is resolved.

Non-minor contact that occurs accidentally is still a foul – it does not need to be intentional. In fact there should be no intentional contact in Ultimate.

Play does not stop for an infraction call. However travel and marking infractions can lead to a stoppage if, for example, after a travel infraction a completed pass is thrown, after an egregious marking infraction, or after a contested infraction call.

If a breach is committed and not called, the player committing the breach should inform the opponent or their team. However play must not be stopped to do so.

Only the thrower may call marking infractions, except in the case of a double team. For marking infractions excluding double team, if other players notice a marking infraction they may alert the thrower of this, however this call will have no effect. The thrower may subsequently make the call themselves, in which case the opposition should respond accordingly.Any offensive player may make a double team call, however if the call is not made by the thrower, the call should be made loud enough for the thrower and marker to hear. If the thrower echoes a double team call made by a teammate, this should be treated as the same double team call (eg the stall count needs only to be reduced one time.)Any opposing player may make a travel infraction call, however if the call is not made by the marker, the call should be made loud enough for the thrower and marker to hear.

If a player who is unable to make the call recognises it, such as a receiver in the case of a straddle, the breach can still be called once the player who can make the call recognises it (ie the thrower in this example). However if, for example, the marker recognises that the thrower has established a pivot at the incorrect spot, they cannot wait until the stall count gets to 6 before they call a travel.In addition, if a player had a reasonable opportunity to recognise that a breach had occurred, but continued play as if no breach had occurred, they should not make the call later on. For example if the thrower establishes a pivot at the incorrect spot, and the marker starts the stall count, then once the stall count reaches 6, the marker should not call travel for the pivot having been established at the incorrect spot, even if they do not notice until the stall count reaches 6.If play has stopped for a discussion, a player can still make a call as part of the discussion.A player that makes a foul, violation, infraction, or turnover call must have reasonable grounds to think that a breach or turnover might have occurred, but they do not have to be certain that it has occurred. If a player believes that they have reasonable grounds to think that a breach or turnover might have occurred, they may call a stoppage (without making a specific call) to enable players to discuss the situation and determine what did occur and the appropriate outcome.

For example, if a defender tells a receiver to stop play, but play was not supposed to have stopped and a pass to the receiver results in a turnover, the disc is returned to the thrower and the stall count would resume at “Stalling 1” as per rule 9.5.1.If there is disagreement over who initiated the stoppage incorrectly, then the disc should be returned to the last non-disputed thrower.

If, for example, the player against whom the breach was called thinks that the breach was not significant enough to make a difference to the outcome of the action, they can contest the call.

If, for example, the marker calls a foul against the thrower, and after discussion the marker retracts their call, the stall count would resume at “Stalling 1” as per rule 9.5.1.

For example, the marker calls an offensive foul on the thrower during the throw, then later a receiver calls a defensive foul on a defender during the reception on an incomplete pass. The fouls are resolved in reverse sequence. First, the receiving foul is resolved (here, assumed accepted), granting possession to the offensive receiver, then the throwing foul is resolved (here, assumed accepted), returning the disc to the thrower. The earlier infraction (offensive foul on the thrower) takes precedence over the later infraction (defensive foul on the receiver), resulting in the disc returning to the original thrower.If the disc is returned to the thrower, the stall count must be resolved as per rule 9.5.4.1.

If the thrower calls a foul before they are in the act of throwing, play must stop. If the thrower does incorrectly continue play, the disc must come back to the thrower unless 16.3 applies - this applies to both a completed pass, and a turnover.If the thrower is fouled before throw, but the foul continues to occur during throw, then 16.2 applies. If the foul occurs before the throw, but the thrower waits to call the foul during the act of throwing, 15.9 applies.

Unlike in previous version of the rules, continuation does not apply to calls made (not involving the thrower) during the act of throwing. So if a foul is called by the dump receiver while the thrower is in the act of throwing, play should stop immediately. If the thrower continues the throw, with no impact from the foul call, the result of the pass can stand as per 16.3. However if the thrower heard the foul call while they were throwing, and this impacted their throw and the pass was incomplete, 16.3 would not apply and therefore the disc would be returned to the thrower.Additionally if a pick is called while the thrower is in the act of throwing, and the thrower attempted to stop the throw as a result of the pick call, and the pass is incomplete, the disc would be returned to the thrower.

If “play-on” is called before possession is established, and then the team that called the breach does not gain/retain possession, the “play on” call should be ignored and play should stop. The players involved must still determine if the breach actually affected the outcome, before determining whether the play should stand.Any player recognizing that play should continue without a stoppage should announce 'play on”. If the player who called the breach does not announce 'play on' and the opposing team is uncertain whether play should continue, the opposing team has the option to stop play by calling 'violation'.If the team that called the foul gains or retains possession, but the foul has impacted on their ability to continue play, they can call an indirect foul once possession has been established. This will stop play and enable them to make up any positional disadvantage caused by the foul.

An event (including a foul, violation, injury) or call affects the outcome if the outcome would have been meaningfully different had it not occurred. For example, a call affected the play if a receiver is aware that the call has been made before the throw and therefore slows down and fails to complete the pass. During a stoppage to discuss these situations it is reasonable for a player to ask the opposition if they think the event or call affected the outcome. If the opposition thinks that it was affected, they should be able to provide some form of valid justification.There is no specific limit on how many passes can occur before 16.3 no longer applies. However once more than one pass has been completed, it becomes increasingly unlikely that the event, or call, will not affect the outcome.

Dangerous Play fouls can be called before an event to avoid a potential collision e.g. a defender runs/layouts in a way that an accident would occur if the offence were to continue. When this occurs it is correct to not make a play on the disc & to call a ‘dangerous play’ foul.Players calling a Dangerous Play foul before a potential incident need to have reasonable grounds for doing so. They should actually be able to see the on coming player and have some reason to believe that player will not avoid contact – this could include a previous history of that player to not avoid contact.You cannot call dangerous play if you feel you could have made a play on the disc, but that would have resulted in you initiating contact. In that instance, you should just refrain from making the play.The following are non-exhaustive examples of dangerous play:
• significantly colliding with a mostly stationary opponent,
• jumping into a group of mostly stationary players,
• diving around or through a player that results in contact with a player's back or legs,
• running without looking when there is a likelihood of other players occupying the space into which the player is traveling,
• jumping or otherwise leaving the ground where it is likely that a significant collision will result,
• wild or uncontrolled throwing motions,
• initiating contact with a player's head,
• initiating contact with an airborne player's lower body that prevents them from landing on their feet, and
• jumping right in front of a sprinting player in a manner where contact is unavoidable

What:
A player on offence is chasing after a long throw and is tripped over, while running, by the defence. It is unclear if the offence player would have been able to get to the disc had there been no foul.
Result:
If the offence player believes the defence initiated the non-minor contact they can call a foul. If the defence player accepts that they fouled the offence player, but they do not believe the offence player had a reasonable chance at catching the disc, they may invoke rule 16.3 and try to seek agreement that the result of the play should stand. If the players cannot agree what would most likely have occurred in the play, the disc must be returned to the thrower and the players return to where they were when the disc was released (rule 1.12 and 10.2.2 ).

Extra:
If it is clear to other players that the offence player did not have any chance at making the catch had there been no foul, they should encourage the offence player to let the turnover stand.If the foul is accepted and it is agreed that it did affect the play, the offence player gains possession where the foul occurred, not where they would have caught the pass.A receiving foul can be deemed to have occurred if any player involved in the foul is attempting to make contact with the disc in anyway i.e. to catch it or block it.Non minor contact that occurs directly after the attempt at the disc (i.e. a defender catches the disc and then collides with an offence player) is considered to be a receiving foul. However contact with the opponent’s arms after the block occurs is not a sufficient basis for a foul as per rule 17.2.1.1.If Player A initiates contact with an opponent (Player B) that is the cause for Player B contacting Player A’s teammate (Player C), then Player C cannot call a foul on Player B as they did not initiate the contact. If the disc is in the air but the players involved in the foul were running to receive or defend the next pass after possession has been established, this should be treated as an Indirect foul (rule 17.8).An accepted offensive receiving foul is a turnover (rule 17.2.2); however an accepted indirect foul by the offence is not (rule 17.8.2).If players have dived to make a play at the disc, the disc is contacted, but not caught, and then one of the players attempts to make a second attempt but they are obstructed by the player who had dived on the ground, this is not a foul by the obstructing player, unless they deliberately move to obstruct the second attempt (in which case, this could be a violation of rule 12.5.1 even if no contact occurs).