An event (including a foul, violation, injury) or call affects the outcome if the outcome would have been meaningfully different had it not occurred. For example, a call affected the play if a receiver is aware that the call has been made before the throw and therefore slows down and fails to complete the pass. During a stoppage to discuss these situations it is reasonable for a player to ask the opposition if they think the event or call affected the outcome. If the opposition thinks that it was affected, they should be able to provide some form of valid justification.There is no specific limit on how many passes can occur before 16.3 no longer applies. However once more than one pass has been completed, it becomes increasingly unlikely that the event, or call, will not affect the outcome.